The Pharmaceutical And Medicine Manufacturing Industry

What would you do if you had to suffer every day from a life threatening illness that was debilitating and incurable? Over nine hundred million people throughout the world die each year because of incurable diseases such as cancer, HIV, and AIDS (What par 1). The number of people that suffer from these varying illnesses is slowly increasing, but the use of pharmaceutical drugs is helping to solve this problem. â€Å"The pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing industry has produced a variety of medicinal and other health related products undreamed of by even the most imaginative apothecaries of the past† (Pharmaceutical par 1). Every day, millions of lives are saved with the use of these medications, and they allow these innocent people to live ordinary lives (Pharmaceutical par 1). According to William Lang, Vice President of policy and advocacy for the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, â€Å"There’s an increasing number of people with chronic illnesses, and the primary management tool available for dealing with chronic illness is medication† (Thompson par 10). While some take medications for simple health issues such as headaches, the flu, or minor colds, others use them to aid in the treatment of more serious illnesses such as pneumonia, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and cancer (Pharmaceutical par 2). Doctors and hospitals prescribe hundreds of thousands of new medications each day to patients, and many of these prescriptions range in costShow MoreRelatedThe Long History of Pakistans Pharmaceutical Sector691 Words   |  3 PagesBrief History: The Pakistan pharmaceutical sector has long history. It is being almost non-existent before the time of early seventies to a well-known provider of healthcare products meeting almost 95 per cent of the Pakistan’s pharmaceuticals needs. At the time of independence of Pakistan in 1947, there was hardly any Pharma industry in the country. In beginning there were only three manufacturing units located at Lahore, Rawalpindi and Peshawar. When Pakistan came into existence, in the earlyRead MoreThe Competitive Landscape Of The Industry1268 Words   |  6 Pagescompetitive landscape of the industry in which one is competing, it must understand how to formulate strategies that will create a profitable business. A business must know what it is good at to be able to effectively have a competitive advantage over other businesses within that industry. The profitability of Mylan Pharmaceuticals largely depends on their ability to discover and market new drugs. The desire to cure illness an d disease is what demands pharmaceutical companies like Mylan to be empoweredRead MoreEssay about The New Trade Theory1326 Words   |  6 Pagesa large scale of output† as it is able to spread over the fixed costs over a large volume of quantity (Wickramasekera, Cronk Hill 2013 p90). â€Å"First-mover advantages are the economic and strategic advantages that accrue to early entrants into an industry and the ability to capture scale economies ahead of later entrants† (Wickramasekera, Cronk Hill 2013 p91). The new trade theory however, is not free from criticism. Although the theory has achieved great success academically, there is little toRead MoreEXECUTIVE SUMMARY: The report basically highlights on how the pharmaceutical industry of India1400 Words   |  6 Pagesreport basically highlights on how the pharmaceutical industry of India works and its dynamics. The report also highlights about the Indian and global scenarios of pharmaceuticals industry and thereby comparison of those two. It comprises of analysing the industry by PEST, SWOT, PORTER’S five force model and HHI. It explains the current scenario of the industry in terms of growth and future outlook of the industry and opportunities. The Indian pharmaceutical industry has been growing rapidly at the rateRead MoreTypes Of Poor Quality Medicines1456 Words   |  6 PagesTypes of poor quality medicines : Poor quality medicines can be classified into three different man types : substandard , counterfeit and degraded. Substandard medicines â€Å"are genuine medicines produced by legitimate manufacturers that do not meet the quality specifications that the producer says they meet. For example, they may contain less (or more) active ingredient than written on the package. This may not e an intention to cheat, but may be due to problems with the manufacturing process†.(WHO, 2005)Read MoreThe World Trade Organization and Intellectual Property Rights1108 Words   |  4 Pagespatent protection for pharmaceutical inventions. In order to comply with the TRIPS obligation, India introduced product patent protection from 1 January 2005. In doing so, India in a way reinstated the patent regime, which is believed to favour the pharmaceutical Multinational Corporations (MNCs). While carrying out the amendment, Indian policy makers were confronted with two major concerns, viz. the future of the Indian pharmaceutical industry and access to affordable medicines within the country andRead MoreThe Global Pha rmaceutical Industry: Swallowing a Bitter Pill Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesThe Global Pharmaceutical Industry: Swallowing a Bitter Pill The case describes the evolution of the pharmaceutical industry and its strategic environment. Attention is drawn to environmental pressures from regulators and payers. Key forces driving the industry are discussed, including addressing unmet medical needs, the importance of innovation and time to market, and globalisation. The case illustrates how an increasingly hostile environment, combined with a decline in Ramp;D productivity, ledRead MoreMedicinal Chemsitry1138 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Medicinal chemistry? 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...Body: The pharmaceutical industry Global generics Chemistry in a nutshell 4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Conclusion End of academic essay In Medicinal chemistry , the chemist attempts to design and synthesize medicine or a pharmaceutical agent which will benefit humanity .Additionally Oxford defineRead MoreEssay On Drugs Are Not Killing Us1080 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Not long ago, a dose of the decades-old generic drug cost little more than a dollar. Now the lowest available price is nearly 20 times that,† states Melody Peterson, a writer for the LA Times. The monopoly power of manufacturers in the pharmaceutical industry allows companies to set unreasonable drug prices, leaving Americans unable to afford essential medications. Monopoly power allows drug companies to increase their prices and eliminate market competition. According to research from BrighamRead MoreBuyer Bargain Power Of The Pharmaceutical Industry1377 Words   |  6 PagesBuyer Bargain Power Buyers in the pharmaceutical industry are broken into physicians, who are the prescribers, patients, who are the users, hospital boards, who are authorizers of purchases and treatments, pharmacists, who are the distributors. Most of them have very minor influence on the pricing of the product, but unfortunately for the highly regulated pharmaceutical industry, they have to face a bargaining giants, the health organizations and the government agencies. Individual patients have

Associate Professor Rank, Duties, and Career Potential

Schools operate with a hierarchy of staff and positions, much like other institutions and businesses. All play a necessary role in the overall function of education. The responsibilities and prerogatives of an associate professor contribute to the success and reputation of colleges and universities. The position can be a stepping stone to full professorship or the culminating position of an academic career. Academic Tenure An associate professor typically earns tenure, which bestows the freedom and autonomy to pursue studies and conduct work that may disagree with public opinion or authority without fear of losing the job over it. An associate professor must adhere to certain professional and ethical standards, however. While associate professors may pursue controversial topics, they must conduct their inquiry within the accepted guidelines for academic research. Despite surviving a probationary period that can last seven years to reach associate status, a professor can still lose his or her job for cause, just like an employee in a field other than academia. While most faculty members eventually retire from their positions, a university can take steps to remove a tenured professor in the case of unprofessionalism, incompetence, or financial difficulties. An institution does not bestow tenure automatically after a period of time – a professor must earn the status. A professor with the expressed goal of achieving tenure might be said to be on  tenure track.   Visiting professors and instructors often teach on year-to-year contracts. Tenured faculty and those working toward tenure usually hold the titles of assistant professor, associate professor, or full professor without any qualifiers, such as adjunct or visiting. Rank of Associate Professorship Professorships involve working from one rank to the next level through evaluation of performance. The intermediate rank of an associate professorship falls between an assistant professorship and a position as a full professor. Professors typically rise from assistants to associates when they achieve tenure, which can be a one-shot deal at many institutions of higher learning. Failure to achieve an associate professorship at the same time as receiving tenure may mean the professor wont get another chance to advance at that particular institution. Nor does an associate professorship guarantee an individuals rise to the rank of a full professorship. Advancement depends on many factors, including the professors body of work and ongoing performance evaluations. Duties of Associate Professorship An  associate professor participates in three types  of duties that come with a career in academia, just like most other professors: teaching, research, and service. Professors do more than teach classes. They also conduct scholarly research  and present their findings at  conferences and through publication in peer-reviewed journals. Service duties include administrative work, such as sitting on committees ranging from curricula development to overseeing workplace safety. Career Advancement   Colleges and universities expect associate professors to become more active and take on greater leadership roles as they advance to more senior positions on the faculty.  Given that they have earned tenure and cannot be dismissed without due process, associate professors often conduct the service tasks beyond the scope of junior faculty positions, such as evaluating colleagues for tenure and promotion. Some professors remain in the associate rank for the remainder of their career, either by choice or by circumstance. Others pursue and achieve promotion to the highest academic rank of full professor.

How to Correctly Use German Adverb Auch

Sometimes the littlest words can have a big meaning. Take the German adverb auch. In its simplest form, this word means also. But it also (get it?) holds greater significance.   Auch can mean even. It can also be a modal particle and imply anything from I hope to Youre sure. Heres a closer look at the power behind this common, little adverb.   When Auch Is Accentuated This type of auch relates to the subject of the sentence and will usually be in front of a verbal group. Its meaning is also. For example:   Mein Sohn will jetzt auch Klavier studieren. My son now also wants to study piano. Meine Oma isst gerne Bockwurst und auch Bratwurst.My grandmother likes to eat Bockwurst and Bratwurst, as well. When Auch Is Not Accentuated This type of  auch bears directly upon the elements of phrase that follow it. It usually means even. For example:   Auch fà ¼r einen fleißigen Schà ¼ler, war dies eine große Hausaufgabe.Even for a hard working student, this was a lot of homework. ï » ¿Ihr kann auch kein Arzt helfen.Not even a doctor can help her. Take note that in the above sentences, the unaccented auch draws attention toward an accented word: fleißigen or Arzt, respectively. Auch Can Express Mood An unaccented auch can also be used to indicate the mood of the speaker. In such cases, you will find  auch to help underline the speaker’s irritation or reassurance. For example:   Du kannst auch nie still sein!You can never be still, can you? Hast du deine Brieftasche auch nicht vergessen?I hope you didn’t forget your wallet. Context Is Everything Consider the following two dialogues and the meaning implied by the context. Sprecher 1: Die Freunde deines Sohnes kà ¶nnen gut schwimmen.  / Your son’s friends can swim really well. Sprecher 2: Mein Sohn ist auch ein guter Schwimmer.  / My son is also a good swimmer.Sprecher 1: Mein Sohn treibt gerne Basketball und Fußball. Er ist auch ein guter Schwimmer.  / My son loves playing basketball and soccer. He is also a good swimmer. Sprecher 2: Ihr Sohn ist sehr sportlich. / Your son is very athletic. As you can see, in both dialogues, the phrases with auch are practically the same, yet a different meaning is implied. Tone and context mean everything. In the first case, auch is accented and serves the subject of the sentence:  Sohn. In the second case, auch is unaccented and the emphasis is in on guter Schwimmer, implying that the son is, among other things, also good at swimming.

Case Analysis - Ford Motors - 738 Words

A Case Analysis on Ford Motor Company Introduction Henry Ford’s Motor Company is one of America’s biggest prides in automotive industry. It is a multinational corporation and the worlds fourth largest automaker based on worldwide vehicle sales, following Toyota, General Motors, and Volkswagen. The founder, Henry Ford incorporated the company on June 16, 1903. At 1980’s, under the leadership of his grandson Henry Ford II, several bad decisions had been made regarding the organizational structure for being an autocratic leader. Some internal problems were also contributing to the company’s loss in the business. Several times the company has experienced crisis to lose billions of dollars and faced a wide range of criticism for producing†¦show more content†¦Using computerized robot and upgraded inventory. Weaknesses Autocratic management. Expansion of division will leave it weak to some areas. Confusions, duplicate work appear after building some centers. Opportunities Change to a democratic organizational structure for a better management Develop new design and models. Technology advancement lead to an organize and systematic growth. Shift from producing low-priced, stripped down models. Threats Strong price competition. Design competitiveness, Varying purchasing power of customers. Alternative Courses of Action To implement a new approach in decision making process Ford should start to pushed decision making to lower levels, by inaugurating a policy of employee involvement in plant (designing, engineering and manufacturing) in order to improve productivity under a supervision of a functional manager. Pros It makes the subordinate feels appreciated. Gather more ideas to contribute company’s success. Lessen the length of bureaucracy procedure. Cons Cannot accommodate all ideas coming from the subordinate. Superior might not receive adequate information of the decisions. To support the ACA above, selective subordinate must be chosen based on their ability and confidence in making a correct decision. This way, superiors may depend and have full trust on theirShow MoreRelatedFord Motor Company Written Case Analysis2381 Words   |  10 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2 2. Case Question 2-8 2.1 Define and discuss Fords business-level strategy. How can the companys value-chain activities be better linked to create value for the company? 2.2 How can Ford successfully position itself in terms of the five forces of competition? 2.3 In what ways can the company effectively manage customer relationships to increase strategic competitiveness? 2.4 What conditions and toolsRead MoreFord Motor Company Case Analysis Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the late twentieth century, the Ford Motor Company received numerous complaints regarding incidents involving their vehicles. Consumers of Ford vehicles reported that at least one of their tires spontaneous blew out while driving at highway speeds; more often than not, these accidents resulted in the driver losing control and rolling the vehicle, causing injury or death. After numerous lawsuits, lawyers began to notice a trend. Through multiple clients, they observed the majority of incidentsRead MoreFord Motor Company Case Analysis1104 Words   |  5 PagesThe current situation of the Ford Motor Company, revenue of $44 billion, 6 percent above second quarter 2006. The company net income of $750 million, or 31 cents per share. Profit of $258 million, or 13 cents per share, from continuing operations excluding special items. There was a significant year-over-year improvement for all automotive operations. Ford Motor Credit pre-tax profit of $112 million. Cost reductions of $600 million; $1.1 billion through the first half of 2007. There was automotiveRead MoreFord Motor Company Case Analysis1230 Words   |  5 Pages Company Summary: The Ford Motor Company is one of the most largest and profitable U.S. automakers in the world. Today the company headquarters operates in the Motor City, located in Dearborn, Michigan. The Ford Corporation was found by Henry Ford back in 1903, after a disagreement with his financial investors. He then decided to pursue his passion for owning his own business. The Ford Company designs and manufactures durable automobiles, automotive components, and systems. This corporation isRead MoreFord Motor Company Case Analysis1842 Words   |  8 PagesDepartment FROM: Sawyer Folks, Business Analyst DATE: April 27, 2015 SUBJECT: Ford Motor Company Background The Ford Motor Company has had a rather tarnished legal history. Ford got into some hot water in the 1990s and 2000s over multiple safety scandals. One of these scandals occurred in 1996 and involved faulty ignition switches that would short and cause fires. The ignition switch scandal then led to Ford being sued by State Farm for neglecting to release information about the faulty ignitionRead MoreFord Motor Company Case Analysis1788 Words   |  8 PagesFord Motor Company is one of the top automotive companies in the world. It was founded in 1903 by Henry Ford who wanted to develop some kind of transportation for the individual convenience and to make the product affordable. In 1909, Ford Motor Company manufactured its first automobile called the Model T. This was a big success among the regional especially in Detroit where it all began. As the popular for the Model T rose, Ford had to increase its production to keep up with demand. The companyRead MoreFord Motor Company Case Ana lysis Essay1776 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The Ford Motor Company (Ford or â€Å"the company) is an American automotive producer headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan. The company was founded on June 16, 1903, by Henry Ford. The Ford Motor Company manufactures and sells commercial vehicles, luxury cars, Standard Utility Vehicles (SUVs), and automotive parts all over the world. Known for their size, geography, and business model, Ford is often referred to as one of the â€Å"Big Three,† along with General Motors and Chrysler AutomobilesRead MoreCase Analysis Report Ford Motor Company and Firestone3599 Words   |  15 PagesCase Analysis Report In August 2000, Ford Motor Company and Firestone Tire Company recalled 6.5 Million ATX and AT tires that had been installed on Ford’s Explorer model SUV. At the time, it appeared as though Ford and Firestone were doing the right thing. They had found out that the tread separated on Ford Explorers in states with intense heat, such as Florida and Texas. However, it later came to light that both Ford and Firestone had known about these problems earlier than 2000 and that FordRead MoreFinancial Analysis in the Case of Ford Motor Co and Microsoft Corporation1814 Words   |  8 PagesFinancial analysis in the case of Ford Motor Co and Microsoft Corporation Each company must prepare financial statements to provide a comprehensive picture about its past performance and situation for the owners, the managers, the state and other stakeholders as well. In the case of enormous, international public limited companies like Ford and Microsoft these statements and data are public, so anybody can reach them through the internet. Moreover, we can also compute a lot of financial ratiosRead MoreCase Study : Ford Motor Company1611 Words   |  7 PagesFord Motor Co. Casey T, Blackburn Business 104 Business Organization Management Dr. Earl Murray Jr. 1 November 2015 Abstract I hope that this meets the intent of this paper and that you learn something new about the management of an organization that I have the most interest in. I wanted to discuss how the lessons that we have covered during this class are used and demonstrated in a large worldwide company such as Ford Motor Co. Ford Motor Co. Ford’s Motor Company History Ford Motor Company

Analysis Of Stetler Model Of Research Utilization Essay

Introduction As the nursing field grows, evidence-based practice is becoming more pragmatic. This is because people want to know the when, why, and how of diseases processes. Increasing knowledge on evidence-based practice has shown to improve health outcomes. Research translation models are utilized heavily in nursing to help transform findings into practice (Polit Beck, 2012). Some models are more clinician oriented, while others are institution oriented. There are various models that are utilized by different entities. For the purpose of this paper, the Stetler Model of Research Utilization will be researched and discussed. The Model The Stetler Model is made up of five phases that are imperative when conducting research and then putting that research into practice. In particular, this model focuses on the critical thinking skills and use of evidence by a provider (Schaffer, Sandau, Diedrick, 2013). The five phases of this model are listed in order of how they should be utilized in the research process. The five phases include: preparation, validation, comparative evaluation and decision-making, translation and application, and evaluation. Each of these phases is important for the clinician to follow in a stepwise fashion. The first phase of this model is the preparation phase. In this phase, it is important to delineate the purpose and potential outcomes of the study. The research is searched, sorted and selected. It is important during this phaseShow MoreRelatedevidence basedpractice2944 Words   |  12 Pagesbest available evidence, coupled with clinical expertise. As such it enables health practitioners of all varieties to address healthcare questions with an evaluative and qualitative approach. EBP allows the practitioner to assess current and past research, clinical guidelines, and other information resources in order to identify relevant literature while differentiating between high-quality and low-quality findings. UNIT BACKGROUND: Evidence based practices was founded by Dr.Ardice Cochrane , aRead MoreEvidence Based Practice3086 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿ Implementation of Evidence Based Practice Rosemary Garcia â€Æ' Implementation of Evidence Based Practice Evidence Based Practice Nursing is the utilization by nurses of Evidence Based Research findings that, according to Houser (2012), steer the nurse toward integration of clinical expert opinion and experience with an unbiased exhaustive review of the best scientific evidence professional nursing care literature can provide while incorporatingRead MoreBarriers of Research Utilization for Nurses9005 Words   |  37 Pagesopinions regarding barriers to, and facilitators of, research utilization in the practice setting Alison Margaret Hutchinson BAppSc, MBioeth PhD Candidate, Victorian Centre for Nursing Practice Research, School of Nursing, University of Melbourne, Australia Linda Johnston BSc, PhD, Dip N Professor in Neonatal Nursing Research, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, and Associate Director, Victorian Centre for Nursing Practice Research, Melbourne, Australia Submitted for publication:Read MoreNursing Research1183 Words   |  5 PagesLANDMARKS AFFECTING NURSING RESEARCH YEAR EVENT | 1859 Nightingale’s Notes on Nursing published | 1900 American Nursing Journal begins publication | 1923 Columbia University establishes first doctoral program for nurses | Goldmark Report with recommendations for nursing education published | 1930s American Journal of Nursing publishes clinical cases studies | 1948 Brown publishes report on inadequacies of nursing education | 1952 The journal Nursing Research begins publication | 1955Read MoreEffects of Gum Chewing on Post Operative Ileus1274 Words   |  6 Pagespostoperative ileus duration. Recent clinical trials show that chewing gum postoperatively may hold promise in reducing postoperative ileus and thereby decrease length of stay. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to use the Stetler Model of Research Utilization to examine the research regarding the use of gum chewing to reduce the duration of postoperative ileus in abdominal surgery patients. Validation The articles used to draw conclusions from included two primary articles and two systematic reviewsRead MoreClabsi2802 Words   |  12 PagesPurpose Statement and Aims†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Research Questions and Hypothesis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Review of Literature with matrix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6-12 Evidenced Based Practice Model†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 Study Design and Sampling Method†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 Setting and Study population†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 Sources of Data Collection Method†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...14 Data Analysis Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 Ethics and HumanRead MoreNursing Essay41677 Words   |  167 PagesAdvancing Health http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12956.html THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences

Act 3 Scene 4 of Twelfth Night Essay Example For Students

Act 3 Scene 4 of Twelfth Night Essay Shakespeare creates comedy for the audience in a variety of ways during Act 3 Scene 4 of Twelfth Night, some techniques more subtle than others. These comic devices generate humour throughout the play through, in the eyes of the Elizabethans, outrageous puns based on the high or low status of the characters, play on words, dramatic irony and many other means. Shakespeare uses such comic devices in many of his famous Comedies, such as A Midsummers Nights Dream, Measure for Measure and As You Like It. Shakespearean comedies often include a mix of tragedy and humour, although this tragic side could be seen as a modern interpretation of Elizabethan humour, or perhaps just an attempt on Shakespeares part to experiment and blend together two contrasting genres of play. Either way, the mix of humour and tragedy is one of the factors that singles out Shakespeares work as original and timeless. All Shakespearean comedies have five acts, of which the climax is the third act. This is certainly true for Twelfth Night, because this is the act in which the main plot, the sub-plot, and all of the confusion, comes to a head. Shakespearean heroes are often only introduced in the very early stages of the play through the conversation of other characters. Their personalities are nearly always strong and full of virtue, but they are often flawed in some way or have a serious problem, such as the fact that Viola is caught up in her disguise, desperately in love with Orsino but made to woo another woman for him. The plot of the play features many comic twists as it follows the entangled lives of a few inhabitants of Illyria; particularly focusing on Viola and her brother, Sebastian, as they are shipwrecked and separated along the shore. Viola, thinking her brother is dead, dresses as a man and takes the name Cesario to work for the love-sick Duke Orsino, who is constantly pining for the affection of the grieving Lady Olivia. Olivia, mourning the death of her brother, promptly falls in love with Cesario when he comes to woo her for his Lord, thus showing the fickleness of love. Obviously, Viola (or Cesario) does not desire Olivias love, but actually longs for Orsino. Meanwhile, it becomes known to the audience that Sebastian has been rescued by a sailor, Antonio. Sebastian becomes involved in a duel Sir Toby, Olivias uncle, is encouraging Andrew, Olivias dogged suitor, to fight against Cesario for Olivias hand. Olivia mistakes Sebastian for Cesario, and Sebastian falls in love with Olivia. The two are quickly married. Lastly, Orsino and Viola, along with Sir Toby and Maria, also decide to marry. Cleverly entwined within this main story line is a hilarious sub-plot featuring the servants and other members of Olivias household. Sir Toby Belch, Olivias lady in waiting Maria, Sir Andrew Aguecheek, servant Fabian and the fool, Feste, together plot the humourous downfall of Malvolio. Malvolio is the puritanical, sombre and serious steward, who interrupts the merry-making of the other members of the household early on in the play. Maria fakes a letter from her Lady, Olivia, informing Cesario that his mistress is deeply in love with him and desires him to be opposite with a kinsmen, surly with servants, let his tongue tang with arguments of state, and for him to dress cross-gartered with yellow stockings. Malvolio falls for the trick, and fulfils the letters suggestions. Olivia consequently thinks him mad, which is encouraged by the subtle taunting of her household. Malvolio is locked up and tormented further by Feste, who pretends to be priest. At the end of the play, Malvolio vows on revenge. The plot and sub-plot of Twelfth Night have a huge amount of potential for comedy, and Shakespeare fulfils this potential spectacularly well, playing on the different roles of the intricate characters, and using all sorts of comic devices, to make the play the well loved and famous piece of literature, and performance, that it is. There are few recurring themes that feature in most Shakespearean comedies, such as confusion over identity, family tensions and the struggles of love, particularly for young lovers. A lot of these themes play a large part in Twelfth Night. For example, in a lot of Shakespeares plays there is a particularly clever servant, who often outstrips their master or mistress in intellect and wit. Feste the fool is a prime of example of such a servant, as he often makes remarks that, although they are encrypted within a riddle or some kind of joke, make a lot of sense or question the intellect of his superiors. This intelligence creates humour for the audience as it makes a mockery of the characters with the high status, as they are made out to be intellectually inferior to a fool. Bottom, of A Midsummers Nights Dream is another good example of a Shakespearean fool. One theme of Twelfth Night, and one that recurs in many of Shakespeares plays, is confusion and farce. It begins when Viola lands on an unknown shore, and promptly dresses as a man in order to find work in Duke Orsinos palace. From then on the various gaps in the knowledge of characters, such as the fact that Malvolio does not know Maria wrote the letter he found; the longing of Olivia for Cesario, who is in fact a woman; and the unknowing Sir Andrew, who does not realise that Sir Toby and Fabian mock him behind his back. All of this, plus the constant mood, and even, in Malvolios case, personality, changes of the characters convey a huge sense of confusion that helps heighten comedy. The chaos throughout Twelfth Night makes the play more entertaining and humourous for the audience. Love is another main theme of Twelfth Night. Firstly, throughout the play many of the characters fall in love-sometimes even twice, such as Orsinos initial desire for Olivia, then eventually his realisation of his love for Viola. Malvolios obvious obsession with Olivia and the love between Sir Toby and Maria illustrate love shown between high and low characters, creating a comic device within the theme. Olivia also demonstrates the fickleness of love as initially she is in mourning and deems herself unable to think about love when wooed by Orsino. Yet moments later she decides that she in love with Cesario, and declares that Love sought is good, but given unsought is better, in a mood that contrasts her apparently solemn state of mind at the beginning of the play. Many of the comic devices used in Twelfth Night are also used in some of Shakespeares other plays. For example, in many ways one of the three plots found within A Midsummers Nights Dream is similar to the plot involving Malvolio and the fake letter written by Maria. A Midsummer Nights Dream follows the story of Bottom, a low character, who acts superior to his co-workers and is portrayed as very opinionated. Bottom is very similar to Malvolio in that the latter also aggravates his peers by acting superior, and so provokes them to play a trick on him. In this way A Midsummer Nights Dream is also similar to Twelfth Night because Puck, a minion of the high characters in A Midsummer Nights Dream the king and queen of the fairies- turns Bottoms head into that of an ass, in a scene that is similar to that of Twelfth Nights Act 3 Scene 4.. This means that both Malvolio and Bottom have their appearance changed, and therefore create humour through a visual device, due to trickery; and both Malvolio and Bottom are oblivious to the mockery they are being subjected to as well as the reason for their ridicule. Both plays use high and low characters to generate humour, playing on the fact that in Shakespeares time it was unthought-of for people to act or rise above their set social rank. The fact that many of Shakespeares plays feature characters that do just that effectively shocked the audience and also helped to create comedy. Dramatic irony also features in both Twelfth Night and A Midsummer Nights Dream. In the case of Bottom and his head of an ass, the audience knows what has happened to him in order to repel those he is working with away from him, yet the character himself has no idea what is causing his peers strange reaction. This is humourous for the audience as they are able to laugh at Bottoms confusion as well as his appearance. The same applies to Malvolio; in Twelfth Night, the audience know the letter Malvolio is taking orders from is actually faked by Maria, yet the character himself does not, so he continues to act upon the letters demands, successfully making a fool of himself and earning the title of a possessed mad-man. Again, this would create comedy. One comic device Shakespeare cleverly uses during Twelfth Night is love triangles. One good example of a love triangle is that, initially, Orsino loves Olivia, who in turn loves Cesario, who loves Orsino. The climax of this intriguing situation arises in Act 3 Scene 4, in which Malvolio finds himself the butt of most of the jokes. At one point he declares that Maria is his sweet lady, and continually flirts with her. Olivia, on the other hand, becomes practically obsessive over her love for Cesario, calling him back to her time and again. Cesario, or Viola, in turn longs for Duke Orsino, whom she becomes very close to throughout the play. Duke Orsino is on love with Olivia- a point he makes very clear at the start of the play, where he declares if music is the food of love, play on; give me excess of it. This tangle of emotions and lust causes great confusion and helps to generate humour, as the characters fall in love often with the wrong people- this confusion also lends itself to the title of the play, which is named after, traditionally, the twelfth day after Christmas- at which time, status and normal conventions would be overturned and chaos and confusion would reign. This was a lso often known as The Feast of Fools- particularly fitting because throughout the play the characters act like fools, or as if they were partaking in this confusing celebration, despite the fact that the play is not actually set on Twelfth Night. Confusion is in fact one of the main themes of the play. The fact that Olivia, an esteemed lady, falls in love with Cesario, a young page, is deemed bad enough in the opinion of an Elizabethan audience. But the added fact that Cesario is, in fact, Viola dressed as a man causes great hilarity and confusion. I would think of Twelfth Night as a complex love web, where a majority of character are in some way romantically involved with another. This would contribute to the comedy and confusion throughout. The fact that Malvolio is in love with Olivia, who in turn is in love with Cesario, and calls her a sweet lady is humourous, especially from the point of view of an Elizabethan audience. The love triangles would have been particularly shocking, and therefore funny, for the audience during Shakespeares time period because the concept of Malvolio, the servant, being in love with Olivia, the lady, would have been seen as ridiculous and unconventional- this links into the humour behind high and low characters. What could be said to be the deeper meaning or implicit message of An Inspector Calls EssayHe then goes on to comment that a part of the challenge is very brief, and to exceedingly good sense -less. The fact that Fabian utters the last part as an aside, directed solely at the audience and not at any of the other characters, makes Fabian seem more likeable to the audience and gets them involved in the play. His mocking tone at this point would also have generated great humour, especially as this part involves a kind of dramatic irony- where the audience laugh with Fabian at the unknowing Sir Andrew. This mockery is part of a sub-plot deeper than that of Malvolio and Marias letter, involving Sir Toby and Sir Andrew. Sir Toby is actually manipulating Sir Andrew by hoping that if he helps him to marry Olivia, Sir Andrew will transfer a lot of his wealth to his new bride, and in turn Olivia would give Sir Toby some of the money. Sir Toby provides a glimpse of his intentions early on when talking to Maria about Sir Andrew- he states that Aguecheek has three thousand ducats a year and hes a fool. However, Sir Andrew is actually not as wealthy as he seems due to Sir Toby leeching money out of him, and so if he was to marry Olivia it would be unlikely that Toby would receive any huge bonus. So for this reason the joke is on Sir Toby, although he doesnt know it. This is also an example of dramatic irony, because the audience get the whole picture, whereas Sir Toby doesnt and thinks he is the one in control. This creates humour as the audience is able to laugh at both Sir Andrew, as he is manipulated by Sir Toby, and Sir Toby himself, as in the end all his hard work would have been for nothing. This also adds to the effect that Sir Toby is, in a certain sense, a fool, for it makes him out to be unaware of the situation, assuming and therefore foolish. However, the fact that Sir Toby not only attempts to deceive Sir Andrew but plays many pranks throughout Twelfth Night, and contributes to the main trick played on Malvolio that culminates in Act 3 Scene 4, depicts him as a different sort of fool- similar in many ways to Feste. One example of such a prank, similar to that in which Malvolio was branded as possessed in the first place, is when he takes part in the plot to dress Feste as Sit Topaz and further taunt the blindfolded Steward. The fact that Fabian and Toby encourage Sir Andrew to fight Cesario is very amusing because they know very well that Sir Andrew is a cowardly man, and not a fighter. Therefore the prospect of him challenging another man for a fight is ridiculous, and an opportunity for entertainment, not only for the audience, but for the mischief-makers of Twelfth Night as well. What makes this even more interesting is that Cesario is actually girl- the audience are able to appreciate the full extent of Sir Andrews cowardice; especially during Shakespeares era, because obviously at that stage women were not expected to fight and were regarded as weaker. This would have made Sir Andrew look even sillier. Dramatic irony itself plays a large part in heightening the comedy in Twelfth Night. Because the audience obviously get a much fuller picture of the overall situation, in some scenes they have superior knowledge of the situation than the characters, enabling them to laugh at certain passages knowing that the thoughts, words and actions of the characters are based on wrong assumptions. In essence, the characters themselves are ignorant of their own fate, whereas the audience are able to gain humour from knowing roughly where the play is heading. On top of this, the audience sometimes know what a certain character is talking about when others in the scene are unable to fully understand. One such situation arises in Act 3 Scene 4 when Malvolio refers to the handwriting in the letter he received by stating I think we do know the sweet Roman hand. Olivia meets this statement with utter confusion, as she knows nothing of the letter; yet the audience know exactly what Malvolio means, and are able to take humour from not only Malvolios hopeless and cringe worthy situation, but also from the confusion of Olivia. The fact that Malvolio says that we know the sweet Roman hand could be seen as a reference to the audience in that he is including them in his speech as proof. This further involves the audience in the mayhem of the play. Another example of dramatic irony is when Maria calls for Malvolio, reasoning that he is sad and civil, and so suited to her mood. However, the audience know very well that because of the letter Malvolio will in fact be, hilariously, the very opposite of what his Mistress expects. This creates the anticipation of humour to come, as well as comedy at the fact that Olivia is ignorant of what is about to happen. The concept of high and low characters is used a tremendous amount by Shakespeare during Twelfth Night. The theme of confusion is carried on through this comic device because often characters with low status act above their rank, or higher characters lower themselves. This heightens the comedy because in the Elizabethan era status was very important; it was unseemly for someone with a low status to act above their rank and vice versa. It was also incredibly difficult and rare for anyone to move between different ranks, which makes the constant switching of rank of various characters in Twelfth Night shocking, and humourous. One example of Malvolio getting above his rank is when he responds to Maria with the statement Yes, nightingales answer daws! This implies that at this point he sees himself as far superior to Maria, when in fact they are nearer equals. The fact that he sees himself as a nightingale talking to a common daw is humourous because he is so pompous and has a very high opinion of himself simply because of the letter he has received from Olivia. In my opinion, it also heightens comedy because Malvolio is comparing himself to a bird of great stature that possesses a joyous, beautiful voice, which does not reflect Malvolios true, sombre, stark and serious personality. Throughout Twelfth Night, Sir Toby lowers himself to the level of the servants, even though he is in fact of a higher status. This apparent switch of status comes about through his drunken antic with Maria, Fabian, Feste and Sir Andrew. The fact that he acts in an almost immature way presents to the audience a contrast to how high characters are supposed to act, heightening the humour. Sir Tobys switch in status culminates when he marries the lady-in-waiting, Maria. At one point in the play he tries to justify this by stating that Maria is a beagle, true bred. In Elizabethan times this shifting of ranks would have been very unusual, and for a person with a higher rank to marry one with a low rank was socially unacceptable. The fact that Sir Toby takes part in the mockery of Malvolio in Act 3 Scene 4 when he pretends that he thinks Malvolio is possessed by saying what, man, defy the devil! . This lowers him once more to the lower level of the servants because he is joining them in the almost immature and cruel teasing of Malvolio. Once again this would create humour. I have come to the conclusion that throughout Twelfth Night, Shakespeare tries to make the point that in actual fact servants are often cleverer and more deserving of rank than their mistresses and masters. This is shown through the fact that at the start of the play, the ranks are stereotypically correct, yet as the play progresses, the ranks switch and merge. Often characters with lower ranks outwit their superiors, such as Feste and his witty exchange with Olivia and Malvolio. This undoubtedly generates comedy, because it is shocking and so humourous for the audience. Shakespeare uses Malvolios soliloquy to create humour during Act 3 Scene 4 of Twelfth Night. The audience would find hilarious the way in which, throughout his love-stuck speech to himself and, unknowingly, the audience, Malvolio twists Olivias words in order to suit his desires. Malvolio states that when she went away she said let this fellow be looked to- fellow! He implies that this means that because she called him fellow and not Malvolio, like a Mistress would normal call a servant- by their name, it must mean she is attracted to him. This is amusing because Malvolio has twisted and exaggerated one loose word from Olivias mouth in order to assure himself that she likes him. Malvolio feels after his exchange with Olivia that he has limed her; meaning he feels that he has caught her in his net and that she now adores him. Statements like this create comedy because the audience know they arent true, again bringing into the play the device of dramatic irony. It is ironic that he later says that everything adheres together and that nothing that can be can come between me and the full prospect of my hopes, because again this is entirely wrong- in actually fact, it is only his way of thinking that makes everything seem to adhere together. Once again, Malvolios utter hopelessness and the fact that he is totally oblivious to how wrong he is would invoke laughter, as well as perhaps sympathy. Malvolios soliloquy provides a perfect opportunity for Shakespeare to underline and elaborate the fact that Malvolio is so obsessed with Olivia that he refuses to face the fact that she doesnt like him. The letter had a part to play in this as it convinced him that his love was requited. On top of this, the very image of Malvolio standing alone, wearing such ridiculous clothing and ranting wildly about how obvious it was that Olivia loved him, would be very amusing on its own- another example of visual comedy. In conclusion, Shakespeare uses many different comic devices throughout Act 3 Scene 4 and the whole of Twelfth Night- a lot of which can be identified in other Shakespearean comedies. After reading through the text, I have come to the conclusion that the use of comic props and the role of the fool are the most effective, and two of the most important, comic devices used throughout the play, especially in Act 3 Scene 4. The letter faked by Maria is essential to a lot of the humour in the scene, and sets up perfectly the dramatic irony of Malvolios belief that Olivia loves him. I feel that the letter is a prop that acts as a cornerstone for the sub plot- a central comic device that culminates in the hilarity and chaos of Malvolios dressing cross gartered, whilst flirting outrageously with the shocked and confused Olivia. The role of the fool is also a vital comic device because

Peripheral Arterial Disease

Question: A patient 75 years old who attended to a podiatry clinic complaining pain in the left foot he was treated for his Onychomadesis Onychomychosis nails problem and was giving advice to come back after 6 months. The patient is at high risk and has a peripheral arterial disease. Include medical history, types of medicament he is taking, what assessment has to do for him? Answer: Patient is suffering from peripheral arterial disease or also called peripheral vascular disease in which the peripheral arteries become narrow. Peripheral arteries are artery other than those which supplies blood to heart and brain. Medical history of patient: Patient is suffering from peripheral arterial disease which specially affects the legs of the sufferer. Due to these legs start paining a lot when walking or standing which gets better on rest (1). Other symptoms which arose are ulcers in skin, poor nail and may be growth of hair in the leg region. The patient here is suffering from Onychomadesis Onychomychosis in which he is experiencing poor nail condition and completely loss of nail called onychomadesis and infection of fungus on nail called onychomychosis. This condition of patient may be due to intake of cigarette smoking which is main reason for peripheral artery disease; other reason may be diabetes, high blood pressure, hypertension or high blood cholesterol. Types of medication Medication as given to this patient includes statins, some cilostazol and ACE inhibitors. Aspirin do not help patients with mild illness but is very effective on patients with severe disease. Some changes in routine may help by stopping cigarette smoking at all, control blood sugar levels and cholesterol with doing regular exercises like brisk walking, treadmill etc. Assessment for patient Patient suffering from such condition is assessed by test called ankle brachial pressure index called ABPI/ABI (2). This test is measured to know blood pressure difference between foot and other body part, when the blood pressure of the ankle is found less or lower than the blood pressure in the hands; than it indicates that there is a blockage in the artery which provides blood from heart to ankle. Normal range is 1.00 to 1.4. If patient gets reading less than 0.90 than he is suspected with this disease. If reading comes to be 0.40 or less than to it than condition is found very severe. References 1. Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Artery Diseases, European Society of Cardiology (2011) 2. Peach G, Griffin M, Jones KG, et al; Diagnosis and management of peripheral arterial disease. BMJ. 2012 Aug 14;3